Lower urinary tract symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia commonly affect men aged over 50. Benign prostatic hyperplasia results from an increased number of stromal and epithelial cells.

Retrograde pyelography is a procedure commonly used by urologists involving X-ray imaging to visualize the kidneys, bladder and ureters. It involves the insertion of a cystoscope into the urinary ...

A cystoscopy is a procedure that involves inserting a tool into the urethra and up into the bladder to examine these organs. The tool is a cystoscope — a thin, flexible instrument with a light and a ...