A software-defined radio (SDR) terminal promotes programmable realizations of the physical layer functionalities. A lot of research work has been done in applying DSPs and FPGAs to implement the ...

We all love our wireless devices. We want more features, higher data rates, and improved range. These demands, in turn, require advanced digital protocols. Meanwhile, the number of signal sources is ...

Diverse well describes the myriad digital modulation schemes used in modern voice and data communications. The alphabet soup of terminology extends well beyond the familiar QAM and GMSK fundamentals ...

(1) An earlier magnetic disk encoding method that places clock bits onto the medium along with the data bits. It was superseded by MFM and RLL. FM radio was invented in the early 1930s by Edwin Howard ...

Bacteria employ complex signaling networks for adaptive gene control in changing environments. Bacterial second messenger molecules such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) relay external environmental signals into ...